This study analyzed genome-wide sequences recovered from the remains, in tandem with analysis of the archeological context, to reconstruct kinship and the extent of outside contact. These artifacts support the view that the individuals had contact with France, northern Italy, and Byzantium. Excavations found 13 individuals who were buried with an array of inscribed bridle gear, jewelry, armor, and swords. The early 7th century CE burial at Niederstotzingen, discovered in 1962, is the most complete and richest example of Alemannic funerary practice in Germany. However, this kinship structure has not yet been directly tested at a genomic level on medieval burials.

Pairwise estimate of kinship and coefficient of relatedness.įrom historical and archeological records, it is posited that the European medieval household was a combination of close relatives and recruits. Haplogroup calling of selected individuals before and after PMD (threshold 3) filtering. Shotgun reads with PMDtools threshold 3 filtered and skoglund sex estimate of filtered reads. Admixture CV error values for each component and individual. Sex estimates from shotgun data based on Rx values. Sex estimates from shotgun and genome-wide capture data. Complete list of NRY haplogroups with identifying ISOGG markers for 1240K capture sequences. Haplogroups and private mutations for each mtDNA capture (phylotree 17). ANGSD X chromosome contamination estimate on 1240K libraries. Schmutzi estimation of mtDNA contamination. 1240K sequencing output data and mapping. mtDNA capture sequencing output data and mapping. Shotgun sequencing output and mapping data. PCR-based haplotyping of DNA extracts from previous study. F3 outgroup statistics for Niederstotzingen 12C using Mbuti as an outgroup. F3 outgroup statistics for Niederstotzingen 12B using Mbuti as an outgroup.įig. F3 outgroup statistics for Niederstotzingen 9 using Mbuti as an outgroup.įig. F3 outgroup statistics for Niederstotzingen 6 using Mbuti as an outgroup.įig. F3 outgroup statistics for Niederstotzingen 3C using Mbuti as an outgroup.įig.

F3 outgroup statistics for Niederstotzingen 3B using Mbuti as an outgroup.įig. F3 outgroup statistics for Niederstotzingen 3A using Mbuti as an outgroup.įig. F3 outgroup statistics for Niederstotzingen 1 using Mbuti as an outgroup.įig. Admixture estimates for west Eurasians, Niederstotzingen, and selected ancient individuals.įig. Genetic sex estimates from genome-wide capture.įig. Overlaying shotgun and mtDNA deamination plots from mapDamage quantification against the reference genome.įig. Isotope 86Sr/ 87Sr and δ 18O values for enamel from teeth.įig.

Photographs of burial goods with most specific cultural identifying markers.įig. Supplementary material for this article is available at įig.

Warriors of the Cross by T.R. Graves